Medical Terminology Daily (MTD) is a blog sponsored by Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. as a service to the medical community. We post anatomical, medical or surgical terms, their meaning and usage, as well as biographical notes on anatomists, surgeons, and researchers through the ages. Be warned that some of the images used depict human anatomical specimens.
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Georg Eduard Von Rindfleisch
(1836 – 1908)
German pathologist and histologist of Bavarian nobility ancestry. Rindfleisch studied medicine in Würzburg, Berlin, and Heidelberg, earning his MD in 1859 with the thesis “De Vasorum Genesi” (on the generation of vessels) under the tutelage of Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902). He then continued as a assistant to Virchow in a newly founded institute in Berlin. He then moved to Breslau in 1861 as an assistant to Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897), becoming a professor of pathological anatomy. In 1865 he became full professor in Bonn and in 1874 in Würzburg, where a new pathological institute was built according to his design (completed in 1878), where he worked until his retirement in 1906.
He was the first to describe the inflammatory background of multiple sclerosis in 1863, when he noted that demyelinated lesions have in their center small vessels that are surrounded by a leukocyte inflammatory infiltrate.
After extensive investigations, he suspected an infectious origin of tuberculosis - even before Robert Koch's detection of the tuberculosis bacillus in 1892. Rindfleisch 's special achievement is the description of the morphologically conspicuous macrophages in typhoid inflammation. His distinction between myocardial infarction and myocarditis in 1890 is also of lasting importance.
Associated eponyms
"Rindfleisch's folds": Usually a single semilunar fold of the serous surface of the pericardium around the origin of the aorta. Also known as the plica semilunaris aortæ.
"Rindfleisch's cells": Historical (and obsolete) name for eosinophilic leukocytes.
Personal note: G. Rindfleisch’s book “Traité D' Histologie Pathologique” 2nd edition (1873) is now part of my library. This book was translated from German to French by Dr. Frédéric Gross (1844-1927) , Associate Professor of the Medicine Faculty in Nancy, France. The book is dedicated to Dr. Theodore Billroth (1829-1894), an important surgeon whose pioneering work on subtotal gastrectomies paved the way for today’s robotic bariatric surgery. Dr. Miranda.
Sources:
1. "Stedmans Medical Eponyms" Forbis, P.; Bartolucci, SL; 1998 Williams and Wilkins
2. "Rindfleisch, Georg Eduard von (bayerischer Adel?)" Deutsche Biographie
3. "The pathology of multiple sclerosis and its evolution" Lassmann H. (1999) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 354 (1390): 1635–40.
4. “Traité D' Histologie Pathologique” G.E.
Rindfleisch 2nd Ed (1873) Ballieres et Fils. Paris, Translated by F Gross
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The root term [-asthen-] originates from the Greek word [ασθενεσ] (asthenes), meaning “weak” or “feeble”. It can be used with the adjectival suffixes [-ic] or [-ia], both meaning “pertaining to” to form the medical words [asthenic] and [asthenia], meaning “weak” and “weakness”.
It is also found in other medical words such as:
- Myasthenia: The root term [-my-] means “muscle”. Weak muscles
- Neurasthenia: The root term [-neur-] means “nerve”. Initially used to denote an actual weak nerve, it has evolved today to mean someone with a “weak nerves condition”, with fatigue, headaches or migraines, and sometimes depression.
- Angiasthenia or angioasthenia: Both are correct. The root term [-angi-] means “vessel”. The terms refer to a weak condition of the cardiovascular system.
- Asthenophobia: Fear of being weak
Personal note: There was a time in the 1800’s when the term [asthenic] was used to refer to a person as a “weakling”.
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The root term [-pyr] originates from the Greek [πυροσ] (pyros) meaning “fire”. In medical terminology it is used in reference to high temperature or “fever” as in the following terms:
- Antipyretic: The prefix [anti-] means “against”. A medicine that reduces fever
- Apyretic: No fever
- Pyrexia: Condition of fever. Fever
- Pyretic: That which can cause fever
- Pyrogenic: The suffix [-(o)genic] means “generation” or “cause”. Something that can generate fever
- Pyrolytic: The suffix [-(o)lytic] means “destruction” or “dissolution”. Something that destroys or stops fever
- Pyromaniac: An individual obsessed by fire
The term can also be found in vernacular English is words such as:
- Pyrotechnics: Fireworks
- Pyromancy: The art of divination by the observation of fire
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The [internal thoracic artery] is a bilateral artery of the thorax and is known to many as the [internal mammary artery], although this is not its proper anatomical name.
The internal thoracic artery is the first branch to arise off the subclavian artery. It descends inferiorly in a parasternal position, on the posterior aspect of the anterior thoracic cage. It is in contact with the ribs and as it descends it is covered posteriorly by the transversus thoracis muscle.
At the level of the sixth costal cartilage the internal thoracic artery gives off the musculophrenic artery and changes its name, continuing inferiorly as the superior epigastric artery. This artery will pass through one of the hiatuses of the respiratory diaphragm and in turn will become the inferior or deep epigastric artery at the level of the umbilicus. The deep epigastric artery (one of the boundaries of Hesselbach's triangle) will in turn open into the external iliac artery. The internal thoracic artery is part of a longitudinal collateral circulation arterial channel that parallels the aorta.
The internal thoracic artery will give off several branches. The first one is usually the pericardiacophrenic artery, a long artery that descends with the phrenic nerve alongside the parietal pericardium providing blood supply, as its name implies, to the pericardium and the phrenic nerve. Other branches are the anterior intercostal arteries, which communicate with the posterior intercostal arteries and the aorta.
The internal thoracic artery also gives arterial branches to the sternum and provides superficial, perforating branches to the medial side of the breast, hence its clinical name, the internal mammary artery.
The internal thoracic artery can be used to create a cardiac graft when performing a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Because of the two names used to denote this artery, surgeons will refer to the procedure either as a ITA (internal thoracic artery) or an IMA (internal mammary artery) CABG.
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The word [ramus] is Latin and means “branch”. The plural form for [ramus] is [rami]. This word is used to denote “branches” or “divisions” in anatomical structures such as:
• Dorsal and ventral rami: the posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) branches or divisions of a spinal nerve.
• Rami communicantes: small nerve connections between the spinal nerve and the sympathetic chain. These tiny nerve branches are part of the autonomic nervous system. Some are present at all levels of the spinal cord (gray rami communicans) and some only at levels T1 through L2 (white rami communicans)
• Pubic rami: the superior and inferior lateral extensions of the pubic bone, which form the superior and inferior boundaries of the obturator foramen (see image)
Image property of:CAA.Inc.Artist:M. Zuptich
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The word [proptosis] is composed of the prefix [pro-] meaning “forward”, the root term [-pt-] from the Greek [πτώση] (ptosi) which meaning “to fall”, and the suffix [-osis] meaning “condition”. Literal interpretation of the term would be “condition of falling forward”. Sometimes [–ptosis] can be considered a suffix, meaning “to sag” or "to droop".
Proptosis is used in medical terminology to describe a forward bulging to the eyes, similar to exophthalmos. The only difference is that the term exophthalmos is usually reserved to forward displacement of the eye related to or secondary to endocrinological dysfunction. All other eye protrusions are referred to as [proptosis
Proptosis can be caused by trauma, localized inflammation of the orbital tissues not related to thyroid dysfunction, tumors, etc.
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The word [exophthalmos] is composed of the prefix [ex-] meaning “outer” or “outside”, the root term [-ophthalm-] which arises from the Greek word [οφθαλμός] (ophthalm?s) meaning “eye”, and the adjectival suffix [-os] meaning “pertaining to”. Literal interpretation of the term would be “pertaining to outside the eye”.
In reality the word [exophthalmos] is used to describe a condition where the eye is pushed anteriorly, protruding or bulging within the eye orbit. This condition can be unilateral or bilateral.
The term exophthalmos is usually reserved to forward displacement of the eye related to or secondary to endocrinological dysfunction. All other eye protrusions are referred to as [proptosis]. More on this word can be read on this article.
Thyroid dysfunction can lead to inflammation of the orbital tissues, including muscle and fatty tissues, causing edema and forward displacement of the eye.