To put it in another way: where do we have to look for Vesalius's grave?

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A Moment in History

Jean George Bachmann
(1877 – 1959)

French physician–physiologist whose experimental work in the early twentieth century provided the first clear functional description of a preferential interatrial conduction pathway. This structure, eponymically named “Bachmann’s bundle”, plays a central role in normal atrial activation and in the pathophysiology of interatrial block and atrial arrhythmias.

As a young man, Bachmann served as a merchant sailor, crossing the Atlantic multiple times. He emigrated to the United States in 1902 and earned his medical degree at the top of his class from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1907. He stayed at this Medical College as a demonstrator and physiologist. In 1910, he joined Emory University in Atlanta. Between 1917 -1918 he served as a medical officer in the US Army. He retired from Emory in 1947 and continued his private medical practice until his death in 1959.

On the personal side, Bachmann was a man of many talents: a polyglot, he was fluent in German, French, Spanish and English. He was a chef in his own right and occasionally worked as a chef in international hotels. In fact, he paid his tuition at Jefferson Medical College, working both as a chef and as a language tutor.

The intrinsic cardiac conduction system was a major focus of cardiovascular research in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The atrioventricular (AV) node was discovered and described by Sunao Tawara and Karl Albert Aschoff in 1906, and the sinoatrial node by Arthur Keith and Martin Flack in 1907.

While the connections that distribute the electrical impulse from the AV node to the ventricles were known through the works of Wilhelm His Jr, in 1893 and Jan Evangelista Purkinje in 1839, the mechanism by which electrical impulses spread between the atria remained uncertain.

In 1916 Bachmann published a paper titled “The Inter-Auricular Time Interval” in the American Journal of Physiology. Bachmann measured activation times between the right and left atria and demonstrated that interruption of a distinct anterior interatrial muscular band resulted in delayed left atrial activation. He concluded that this band constituted the principal route for rapid interatrial conduction.

Subsequent anatomical and electrophysiological studies confirmed the importance of the structure described by Bachmann, which came to bear his name. Bachmann’s bundle is now recognized as a key determinant of atrial activation patterns, and its dysfunction is associated with interatrial block, atrial fibrillation, and abnormal P-wave morphology. His work remains foundational in both basic cardiac anatomy and clinical electrophysiology.

Sources and references
1. Bachmann G. “The inter-auricular time interval”. Am J Physiol. 1916;41:309–320.
2. Hurst JW. “Profiles in Cardiology: Jean George Bachmann (1877–1959)”. Clin Cardiol. 1987;10:185–187.
3. Lemery R, Guiraudon G, Veinot JP. “Anatomic description of Bachmann’s bundle and its relation to the atrial septum”. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:148–152.
4. "Remembering the canonical discoverers of the core components of the mammalian cardiac conduction system: Keith and Flack, Aschoff and Tawara, His, and Purkinje" Icilio Cavero and Henry Holzgrefe Advances in Physiology Education 2022 46:4, 549-579.
5. Knol WG, de Vos CB, Crijns HJGM, et al. “The Bachmann bundle and interatrial conduction” Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:127–133.
6. “Iatrogenic biatrial flutter. The role of the Bachmann’s bundle” Constán E.; García F., Linde, A.. Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, Jaén. Spain
7. Keith A, Flack M. The form and nature of the muscular connections between the primary divisions of the vertebrate heart. J Anat Physiol 41: 172–189, 1907.

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Details: Written by: Theo Dirix; Published: February 27, 2017; Hits: 3506

The following is an article published by Theo Dirix in his blog. He is one of the Vesalius Continuum project members and a contributor to this website. Theo Dirixis an author and a taphophile. He has successively held the office of Consul in Embassies of Belgium in Tanzania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Canada, the United Arab Emirates and, since 2011, Greece. His current posting is in Kopenhagen, Denmark Before 1989, he worked for the Flemish Radio 3 and commented on (mainly Moroccan) literature. He is constantly writing travel stories of his visits to cemeteries and graves. He is also the author of the book "In Search of Andreas Vesalius: The Quest for the Lost Grave".

Theo Dirix

Isn’t it amazing how much we know about a scientist and physician who lived five hundred years ago, I am referring, of course, to the prominent figure of Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)? (2)

After a jump start in academia in Italy, the Flemish anatomist made a sudden career move and became the family physician of Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and to his successor Philip II and their powerful entourage in Spain. His brilliant early work, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem, a milestone in the transition to empiric research, which has a revolutionary pedagogical and artistic approach, still inspires.

Isn’t it even more amazing that new discoveries about this giant and his achievements steadily continue to surface?(3) Most amazing, though, is that several hoaxes, mainly about his final months and days, doggedly survive.(4) Where is that undeniable proof that he ever ran into the otherwise so well documented inquisition?(5) Vesalius left Spain as a pious pilgrim. A laissez-passer [safe passage document] by Philip II and letters from the Spanish Embassy in Venice are conserved in archives in Spain. Even the thanking note by the Custodian of the Holy Places in Jerusalem, which Vesalius was to hand over to Philip II, reached its destination.(6) That unequivocally refutes the other obstinate prank that a shipwreck during his return was the cause of his death.

Santa Maria delle Grazie

Some now argue that scurvy may have been the cause; Omer Steeno, Maurits Biesbrouck and Theodoor Goddeeris point in the direction of general fatigue.(7) Obviously, only the discovery of his remains will help determine why he collapsed on the quay of Zakynthos (Greece), then a Venetian colony, as described in a recently rediscovered eyewitness report.(8) He was buried in the local catholic church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Several Jerusalem pilgrims have indeed described his epitaph. Unfortunately, the church has disappeared. During its history, it was sacked, abandoned, damaged and finally, after major earthquake in 1953, bulldozed into the sea.

In view of the quincentenary of the anatomist, medical artist Pascale Pollier, hoping to reconstruct his face from his cranium, started a romantic quest for his remains. Under the impetus of the author and the Embassy of Belgium in Athens, archaeologists have been involved: Prof. Jan Driessen, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) and Director of the Belgian School in Athens, EBSA, and Apostolos Sarris, Deputy Director of the Institute for Mediterranean Studies - Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (IMS-FORTH).

In 2014, Dr. Sylviane Déderix (UCL/IMS-FORTH) checked the presumed location of the church through the spatial analysis of a Geographical Information System (GIS). With that digital tool, she displayed, corrected and analysed historical maps on modern cartographic data. The result confirms that the ruins of the Santa Maria delle Grazie and its annexes are to be found to the northwest of the intersection of Kolyva Street and Kolokotroni Street, partly below the asphalt and partly under private property of emergency lodgings, which date from the ’53 earthquake, and partly under a fairly new construction.

To enrich the GIS of the first phase, a geophysical approach of anomalies under the surface should now follow. In this urban environment only non-destructive methods like ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be carried out. With the necessary permissions and funding, a team of researchers could be deployed to collect and process such data. If these are conclusive, a third phase of small scale excavations in search of remains may follow. To top up personal investments, Vesalius Continuum(9) has launched a crowd funding campaign to sponsor the second phase. If you wish to contribute to finding the real cause of Vesalius’s death and help Pascalle Pollier reconstruct the face of a genius whose legacy survives to this very day, visit: www.gofundme.com/VesaliusContinuum

Personal note: Click on the following link to collaborate with this incredible quest. I already did. Dr. Miranda

Notes and Sources:
(1) The author thanks Maurits Biesbrouck, Sylviane Déderix, Jan Driessen, Theodoor Goddeeris, Akis Ladikos, Pavlos Plessas, Pascale Pollier, Apostolos Sarris, Maria Sidirokastriti - Kontoni and Omer Steeno.
(2) Maurits Biesbrouck upgraded Dr. Harvey Cushing’s list of publications on Vesalius to more than 3000 records: http://www.andreasvesalius.be , accessed 8 January 2017.
(3) In 2007 a Canadian book collector bought Vesalius’ own copy of the 1555 edition of the Fabrica, heavily annotated in preparation of a never published third edition. In 2014 Vesalius’ own annotated copy of Institutiones by his teacher, J.G. von Andernach, came to light.
(4) DIRIX, Theo: Andreas Vesalius and his hoaxes, con variazioni, in: Vesalius, Journal of the International Society of the History of Medicine, Vol. XXII, nr. 1, June 2016, Special Issue, Proceedings of A Tribute to Andreas Vesalius, Padua, Italy - December 2015, pp. 103 - 111.
(5) The source is post-mortem gossip spread in January 1565 by the French diplomat, Hubertus Languetus, in a note of 24 lines opening with: “rumour has it”. See: BIESBROUCK, Maurits, Theodoor GODDEERIS, Omer STEENO. ‘Post Mortem’ Andreae Vesalii (1514-1564), Deel I. De laatste reis van Andreas Vesalius en de omstandigheden van zijn dood), in: A.Vesalius, nr. 3 september 2015, Alfagen, Leuven, pp 154-161.
(6) In total four letters have been discovered by José Baron Fernandez in the archives of Simancas, described and published since 1965
(7) BIESBROUCK, Maurits, Theodoor GODDEERIS, Omer STEENO. ‘Post Mortem’ Andreae Vesalii (1514-1564), Deel II. Het graf van Andreas Vesalius op Zakynthos, (vervolg en slot na Deel I in vorig nummer), in: A.Vesalius, nr. 4 december 2015, Alfagen, Leuven, pp 193-200.
(8) ibid
(9) Within the initial ad hoc organising committee of the Vesalius Continuum Conference in September 2014 in Zakynthos, medical artist Pascale Pollier and the author, then Consul at the Embassy of Belgium in Athens, formed the Search team. See: DIRIX, Theo, In Search of Andreas Vesalius, The Quest for the Lost Grave, LannooCampus, Leuven, 2014.

GoFundMe Campaign for the next stage of the project

To put it in another way: where do we have to look for Vesalius's grave?

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